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The British pre-decimal penny coin, abbreviated as 1d (from "denarius" - the Roman coin from which the penny is directly descended), was a unit of currency that equalled one two-hundred-and-fortieth of a pound sterling (there were 20 shillings to a pound, and 12 pence to a shilling so one pound was equal to 240 pence). The denomination continues the tradition of earlier penny coins of Great Britain, which also featured the figure of Britannia. The bronze coins of these specifications replaced the larger copper pennies which were issued until 1860. The new, more durable, alloy was composed of 95 parts of copper, four of tin and one of zinc. Between 1860 and 1895, the penny had the third Britannia design on the reverse, and Queen Victoria's "Bun Head" effigy. In 1895, the reverse was updated to this fourth Britannia design - which is a simplified version of the earlier design by Leonard Charles Wyon, and the obverse to the Queen's "Veiled Head" portrait. Unlike the smaller denominations, which were redesigned for the new coinage of King George VI in 1937 (see the Ship Halfpenny and the Wren Farthing), the penny did not get a new design and retained the classic Britannia reverse until the end. During the reign of King George V, the mint had issues with the monarch's portrait by Sir Bertram Mackennal. Many of the bronze blanks used for the coins were produced by private firms in Birmingham. A great deal of difficulty was encountered in striking coins of this design. The high relief portrait caused a displacement of metal, called "ghosting", that showed through on the reverse side as an incuse outline of the head. A new bronze alloy was adopted in 1923 in an effort to remedy the situation. It consisted of 95.5 per cent copper, 3 per cent tin and 1.5 per cent zinc. This alloy has a more golden tint than the former one. It lessened the hardness, enabling the coins to be more easily struck and lengthened the life of the dies. During 1925 the features of the design were slightly modified to further help eliminate the "ghosting", but this fault was not fully corrected until 1928 when a new design, with a smaller head, was introduced. The coins with the modified effigy from late 1925 and thereafter all have the designer鈥檚 initials in small letters without periods. One penny coins issued in 1908 remained in circulation for 63 years until "Decimal Day", 15 February 1971 when the old currency was demonetised and the decimal Pound Sterling was introduced, with a new decimal penny replacing these old coins. | ||||||||||||
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Variety | Obverse 1*, Reverse C (Freeman 164A) | |
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Mintage | Issued: unknown (included in total) | |
Variety | Obverse 2, Reverse C (Freeman 165) | |
Mintage | Issued: unknown (included in total). Rarity: C (Common) | |
Variety | Obverse 2, Reverse D (Freeman 166) | |
Mintage | Issued: unknown (included in total). Rarity: C (Common) | |
Variety | Matte proof, Obverse 2, Reverse D (Freeman 167) | |
Mintage | Issued: unknown |
Source | Edition | About | Link | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Museums Victoria Collections | 2016 | Coin description | link | |
Whitman, Guidebook of English Coins, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries | 1962 | Mint | ||
Whitman, Guidebook of English Coins, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries | 1962 | Mintage | ||
Whitman, Guidebook of English Coins, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries | 1962 | Varieties | Proof | |
Freeman, Bronze Coinage of Great Britain | 1970 | Varieties |
Coin Name | Mintage | Effigy | Legend |
---|---|---|---|
Penny 1806 | unknown | King George III - Laureate Head by K眉chler | GEORGIUS III 路 D : G 路 REX. 1806 |
Penny 1807 | unknown | King George III - Laureate Head by K眉chler | GEORGIUS III 路 D : G 路 REX. 1807 |
Penny 1808 (Proof only) | 1 | King George III - Laureate Head by K眉chler | GEORGIUS III 路 D : G 路 REX. 1808 |
Penny 1817 (Silver, circulating) | unknown | King George III - Small Head | GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA 1817 |
Penny 1818 (Silver, circulating) | unknown | King George III - Small Head | GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA 1818 |
Penny 1820 (Silver, circulating) | unknown | King George III - Small Head | GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA 1820 |
Penny 1825 | 1,075,200 | King George IV - Laureate Head by Wyon | GEORGIUS IV DEI GRATIA 路 1825 路 |
Penny 1826 | 5,913,600 | King George IV - Laureate Head by Wyon | GEORGIUS IV DEI GRATIA 路 1826 路 |
Penny 1827 | 1,451,520 | King George IV - Laureate Head by Wyon | GEORGIUS IV DEI GRATIA 路 1827 路 |
Penny 1831 | 806,400 | King William IV - Bare Head | GULIELMUS IIII DEI GRATIA 1831 |
Penny 1834 | 322,560 | King William IV - Bare Head | GULIELMUS IIII DEI GRATIA 1834 |
Penny 1837 | 174,720 | King William IV - Bare Head | GULIELMUS IIII DEI GRATIA 1837 |
Penny 1839 (Proof only) | unknown | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1839 |
Penny 1841 | 913,920 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1841 |
Penny 1843 | 483,840 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1843 |
Penny 1844 | 215,040 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1844 |
Penny 1845 | 322,560 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1845 |
Penny 1846 | 483,840 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1846 |
Penny 1847 | 430,080 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1847 |
Penny 1848 | 161,280 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1848 |
Penny 1849 | 268,800 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1849 |
Penny 1851 | 532,224 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1851 |
Penny 1853 | 1,021,440 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1853 |
Penny 1854 | 6,720,000 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1854 |
Penny 1855 | 5,273,856 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1855 |
Penny 1856 | 1,212,288 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1856 |
Penny 1857 | 752,640 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1857 |
Penny 1858 | 1,559,040 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1858 |
Penny 1859 | 1,075,200 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1859 |
Penny 1860 (Large) | 32,256 | Queen Victoria - Young Head | VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 1860 |
Penny 1860 (Small) | 5,053,440 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1861 | 36,449,280 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1862 | 50,534,400 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1863 | 28,062,720 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1864 | 3,440,640 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1865 | 8,601,600 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1866 | 9,999,360 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1867 | 5,483,520 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1868 | 1,182,720 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1869 | 2,580,480 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1870 | 5,695,022 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1871 | 1,290,318 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1872 | 8,494,572 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1873 | 8,494,200 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1874 | 12,288,105 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1875 | 11,443,680 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1876 | 11,074,560 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1877 | 9,624,747 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1878 | 2,764,470 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1879 | 7,666,476 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1880 | 3,000,831 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1881 | 6,065,562 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1882 | 7,526,400 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1883 | 6,237,438 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1884 | 11,702,802 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1885 | 7,145,862 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1886 | 6,087,759 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1887 | 5,315,085 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1888 | 5,125,020 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1889 | 12,559,737 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1890 | 15,330,840 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1891 | 17,885,961 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1892 | 10,501,671 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1893 | 8,161,737 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1894 | 3,883,452 | Queen Victoria - Bun Head | VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : |
Penny 1895 | 5,395,830 | Queen Victoria - Veiled Head | VICTORIA 路 DEI 路 GRA 路 BRITT 路 REGINA 路 FID 路 DEF 路 IND 路 IMP 路 |
Penny 1896 | 24,147,156 | Queen Victoria - Veiled Head | VICTORIA 路 DEI 路 GRA 路 BRITT 路 REGINA 路 FID 路 DEF 路 IND 路 IMP 路 |
Penny 1897 | 20,756,620 | Queen Victoria - Veiled Head | VICTORIA 路 DEI 路 GRA 路 BRITT 路 REGINA 路 FID 路 DEF 路 IND 路 IMP 路 |
Penny 1898 | 14,296,836 | Queen Victoria - Veiled Head | VICTORIA 路 DEI 路 GRA 路 BRITT 路 REGINA 路 FID 路 DEF 路 IND 路 IMP 路 |
Penny 1899 | 26,441,069 | Queen Victoria - Veiled Head | VICTORIA 路 DEI 路 GRA 路 BRITT 路 REGINA 路 FID 路 DEF 路 IND 路 IMP 路 |
Penny 1900 | 31,778,109 | Queen Victoria - Veiled Head | VICTORIA 路 DEI 路 GRA 路 BRITT 路 REGINA 路 FID 路 DEF 路 IND 路 IMP 路 |
Penny 1901 | 22,205,568 | Queen Victoria - Veiled Head | VICTORIA 路 DEI 路 GRA 路 BRITT 路 REGINA 路 FID 路 DEF 路 IND 路 IMP 路 |
Penny 1902 | 26,976,768 | King Edward VII - Bare Head | EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1903 | 21,415,296 | King Edward VII - Bare Head | EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1904 | 12,913,152 | King Edward VII - Bare Head | EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1905 | 17,783,808 | King Edward VII - Bare Head | EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1906 | 37,989,504 | King Edward VII - Bare Head | EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1907 | 47,322,240 | King Edward VII - Bare Head | EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1908 | 31,506,048 | King Edward VII - Bare Head | EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1909 | 19,617,024 | King Edward VII - Bare Head | EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1910 | 29,549,184 | King Edward VII - Bare Head | EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1911 | 23,079,168 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1912 | 65,106,048 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1913 | 65,497,872 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1914 | 50,820,997 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1915 | 47,310,807 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1916 | 86,411,165 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1917 | 107,905,436 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1918 | 87,888,172 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1919 | 118,970,690 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1920 | 124,693,485 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1921 | 129,717,693 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1922 | 16,346,711 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1926 | 4,498,519 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1927 | 60,989,561 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1928 | 50,178,000 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1929 | 49,132,800 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1930 | 29,097,600 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1931 | 19,843,200 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
Penny 1932 | 8,277,600 | King George V - Bare Head | GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF: IND: IMP: |
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Country | United Kingdom |
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Currency | Pound Sterling (pre-decimal) |
Coin Type | Penny, Britannia fourth design |
Issued | 1908 |
Monarch | King Edward VII |
Effigy | King Edward VII - Portrait by George William de Saulles (Bare Head) |
Reverse | Britannia, Seated |
Face Value | 1 (x Penny) |
Total Mintage | 31,506,048 (31.5 million), Rarity: C (Common) |
Current | No; demonetised 1971 |
Material | Bronze |
Designer | Leonard Charles Wyon |
Technology | Milled (machine-made) |
Shape | Round |
Orientation | Medal Alignment (Axis 0) |
Size | 31.0000 mm |
Mass | 9.4000 g |
OCC ID | DKLM-OMKC-VBKP-ONZB |
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Image | Details |
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Great Britain 1908 penny
Copyright: CoinFactsWiki / CC BY-SA Author: Goldberg Coins and Collectibles Notes: Reverse C. Source |
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Great Britain 1908 penny
Copyright: CoinFactsWiki / CC BY-SA Author: Goldberg Coins and Collectibles Notes: Obverse 1. Source |
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Coin - Penny, Edward VII, Great Britain, 1908
Copyright: Museums Victoria / CC BY Author: Justine Philip Source |
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Coin - Penny, Edward VII, Great Britain, 1908
Copyright: Museums Victoria / CC BY Author: Justine Philip Source |
Source | Reference ID |
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Freeman, Bronze Coinage of Great Britain | 164, 164A, 165, 166, 167 |
Spink, Coins of England and the United Kingdom | 3990 |
Krause, Standard Catalog of World Coins | Great Britain KM# 794.2 |
Museums Victoria Collections: Coin - Penny, Edward VII, Great Britain, 1908 |
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